Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part B (2024)

Background: Biological samples as cells, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites are related to physiological and pathological processes in organism. Even though, the portion responsible for diseases are embedded in environment of high-abundance proteins and salts which lead to direct analysis obstacles for them. Nano-materials with easy formulation and manipulation are made to solve the problem.
Materials and Methods: Data are extracted from online databases including Science direct, PubMed and Google Scholar from 2013 till 2022. Then eligibility of reference lists was assessed.
Results: AuNPs and magnetic graphene nanocomposites are signal amplification immune sensors for tissue polypeptide antigen detection. AuNPs SPCE and silver nanoparticles loaded nanohydroxyapatite used for apolipoprotein-A1 detection. For squamous cell carcinoma antigen detection, a Sandwich-type EC immunosensor was created. As immunosensing probes, poly(o-phenylenediamine) (POPD)/Au nano-composite and poly(vinylferrocene-2-aminothiophenol) (poly (VFcATP))/Au nanocomposites are utilized for detecting CEA and AFP, respectively. For detecting tumor markers, PEC serves as immunosensors. When it comes to detecting of viruses, bacteria, and toxins, gold nano-particles (AuNPs) are becoming increasingly popular.
Aim of the study: Within the scope of our research, we wanted to evaluate the formulation of novel nanomaterials for the detection of certain elements in biological samples.