Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contributing to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the antioxidant defense system leads to cellular damage, promoting disease progression. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), have emerged as valuable tools for assessing oxidative damage and guiding clinical management. Recent studies highlight the diagnostic and prognostic significance of oxidative stress biomarkers in CVDs. Elevated levels of MDA and 8-OHdG indicate lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, respectively, serving as indicators of disease severity. Conversely, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, such as SOD and GPx, suggests impaired cellular defense mechanisms. These biomarkers not only aid in early detection but also help in monitoring therapeutic interventions, including antioxidant-based therapies and lifestyle modifications. Understanding the role of oxidative stress in CVDs opens new avenues for targeted treatments aimed at reducing oxidative damage. Antioxidant supplementation, dietary modifications, and pharmacological agents targeting oxidative pathways have shown promise in improving cardiovascular outcomes. However, challenges remain in standardizing biomarker assessment and establishing reference values for clinical application. This review explores the latest findings on oxidative stress biomarkers in CVDs, emphasizing their potential in improving diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment strategies. Integrating these biomarkers into routine clinical practice may enhance personalized medicine approaches and contribute to better patient outcomes.